In the early 90s:
(1) Industrial enterprises had a large margin of safety due to spare parts and equipment available in warehouses. For several years it was possible to work with minimal renovation costs.
(2) The enterprises actually had the possibility of interest -free lending by monopolists: MPS (now it is Russian Railways), Gazprom, RAO UES of Russia. The delays in paying taxes were allowed.
(3) Monetary policy (Gaidar, Central Bank, Ministry of Finance) to contain inflation of 1992-94 led to the crisis of non-payments. By the end of the 90s, more than half of all calculations in industry took place in the form of interims, bills, barter schemes. For skillful managers, this became an effective tool for the survival of enterprises.
In the current situation, enterprises and their owners can only hope for a low key rate and loyalty of banks.
and a little about import substitution:
(1) The Russian industry of the 90s could exist, relying on Russian manufacturers of equipment, spare parts, raw materials, raw materials and raw materials and raw materials, raw materials and raw materials, raw materials and raw materials, raw materials and raw materials. materials. Now, according to various estimates, the share of imported machines and equipment is from 75 percent depending on the categories of equipment and analysts optimism.
(2), in many commodity positions, the domestic market was protected from competition from foreign manufacturers. Both due to the cheap ruble and due to international tariffs of the Ministry of Railways, which were several times higher than internal.
(3) economies of adjacent countries in the 90s were also in the best form. Enterprises, technologies, equipment, economic conditions were not very different from Russian. Since then, the situation has changed radically. In many countries, significant modern capacities have been created, including with the sight of the Russian market.
